College Payment Strategies: Where Should the Money Come From?

Everyone knows college is expensive. This year, the average tuition and fees for a private college are nearly $45,000 per year. And the price tag for some schools might be more than double that amount when factoring in the total cost of attendance with room and board.
Some families may not end up paying the full sticker price. Grants, scholarships and financial aid packages can help bring down costs, although these can be hard to get.
What is the best way to cover the cost?
Consider All Your Options
First, take stock of possible funding sources. These may include 529 college savings plans, taxable brokerage accounts, traditional savings accounts, cash from current income, gifts from family members and loans. Each comes with its own rules and tax treatment. And which sources you tap—and in what order—matters.
- 529 plan: Contributions to a 529 college savings plan grow tax-deferred. Withdrawals are tax-free when they’re used to cover qualified education expenses—anything else will likely come with an income tax hit and a 10% penalty on the earnings portion of the withdrawal. The good news is that qualified education expenses cover more than just tuition. You can use tax-free withdrawals to pay for room and board, textbooks, computers and more. One important note: 529 plans owned by parents are treated as parental assets and may reduce financial aid awards.
- Brokerage account: When you sell assets to make a withdrawal from a brokerage account, any profit is subject to capital gains tax. Long-term capital gains are taxed at preferential rates, but even so, brokerage account funds are generally less tax-efficient than 529 plans in covering education expenses. Your brokerage account balance is also factored into financial aid eligibility.
- Savings account: Interest earned on a savings account is taxed as ordinary income. Withdrawals don’t create taxable events. Like brokerage accounts, savings accounts can reduce financial aid eligibility, more so if held by the student.



